No.1 Canadian General Hospital
Organized at Valcartier 14 September 1914 initially under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Murray MacLaren. Most of personnel from No. 5 Field Ambulance (Active Militia), Montreal. No.1 Canadian General Hospital had as its basis, the volunteers, officers and men from No.5 Field Ambulance.
Brought to camp by Major Roland Playfair Campbell, given temporary charge of the unit until Lieutenant-Colonel Murray MacLaren appointed O.C. Later, as the Lieutentant-Colonel of No.6 Canadian Field Ambulance, Roland Playfair Campbell Killed-in-Action, 16 September 1916, during the Battle of Flers-Courcelette. Campbell lies buried in Albert Communal Cemetery Extension.
Sailing to England
No.1 Canadian General Hospital left Quebec 30 September 1914 aboard SS SCANDINAVIAN, then, joined the armada assembling at Gaspe Bay. Arrived in England 13h45, 14 October 1914. Anchored alongside RMS ROYAL EDWARD (sunk by UB-14 13 August 1915). Docked at the Navy Dockyard, Devenport at 13h00 19 October 1914, and disembarked SS SCANDINAVIAN at 19h00.
Major Edouard Albert Lebel (severe abdominal pain) left behind with Captain Alexander MacKenzie Forbes and Lieutenant-Colonel Kenneth Cameron. Entrained, Lavington (east of Plymouth) at 21h00 and later arrived WEST DOWN NORTH, 05h00 20 October 1914. Finally, the hospital opened at once under canvas with a strength of 30 Officers and 168 Other Ranks.
Salisbury Plains – West Down North Camp
No.1 Canadian General Hospital War Diary. Immediately, tents pitched, kitchens erected, latrines provided and water laid on. Major Charles Edward Doherty and also Captain George Graham Corbet proceed to Amesbury for equipment. Lieutenant-Colonel Kenneth Cameron and Captain Alexander MacKenzie Forbes return later, without Major Edouard Albert Lebel (requiring 7-10 days convalescence).
On Saturday, 24 October 1914, Field Marshall Frederick Sleigh Roberts inspects the hospital. Honorary Captain Robert Kirkpatrick conducts Service, Sunday 25 October 1914, and later equipment arrives on Monday. Major Edouard Albert Lebel returns from sick leave, 29 October. Finally, the hospital operational before the end of the week, with 81 patients on the morning of 31 October 1914.
Royal Visit
Divine Services cancelled on Sunday 1 November 1914 owing to heavy rain. The O.C. notes the unsuitability of the present site. The hospital stretched to the limit with 109 patients on 2 November 1914. Captain James Carlye Fyshe detailed as Temporary M.O. Divisional Cavalry. Two days later, on 4 November 1914, their Majesties visit the Canadian Contingent. Accompanied by Field Marshall Frederick Sleigh Roberts. Then, the CAMC On Parade with a total strength of 631 in double company column. Finally, their Majesties spoke with feeling of the casualties amongst RAMC Officers. Note Major Francis Leonard Vaux, the only RAMC officer with No.1 Canadian General Hospital at this time.
Owing to the unfavorable weather conditions, No.1 Canadian General Hospital transferred to Bulford, 10 November 1914. Major Roland Playfair Campbell assisted by Captain John Travor Hill, Captain Arthur Wm. Mickle Ellis, Captain George Shanks, Captain George Stewart Ramsay, and Captain Robert Wilson (Lt.-Col. Robert Wilson died of carcinoma in 1919).
Salisbury Plain – Bulford Camp
On 10 November 1914, No.1 Canadian General Hospital opened at Bulford Manor, Salisbury Plain. Bulford Camp established in 1897, the site continues in use as a large British Army base. Here accommodation for sixty cases, under Lieutenant-Colonel Kenneth Cameron, head of the Surgical Service. Then, two rooms admirably adapted for surgical operations, and preparation for the same.
The accommodation soon became taxed to the utmost. Finally, one of the cottages used as a residence for the nursing sisters, the other two for medical patients under the charge of Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Gault Finley. One of them rooms set aside for the laboratory. On the Bulford cricket ground adjoining tents were erected, their number being augmented from time to time.
Captain Oscar Garnet Hassard, the Surgical Dentist, admitted to hospital, 11 November 1914. Captain John Garnet Hunt proceeded to London to purchase surgical instruments.
Field Marshall Earl Roberts
Soon, word received Field Marshall Frederick Sleigh Roberts died at the front, 14 November 1914. Roberts died of pneumonia at St Omer, while visiting Indian troops. Later, his body arrives at Folkestone on 17 November 1914. Then, the next day, the hospital records it’s first fatality, Private John J. Laroe 37123, Divisional Ammunition Park. Matron-in-Chief Margaret Clotilde MacDonald pays her first visit. Major Francis Leonard Vaux travels to London to represent No.1 Canadian General Hospital. Finally, on a very cold, dark and sleety 19 November 1914, Earl Roberts buried at St. Paul’s Cathedral.
For the men and women of No.1 Canadian General Hospital, a dark time. No one mentions the obvious. They too may become victims like Earl Roberts. And, many will. The reality becomes a nightmare quicker than they can imagine. An outbreak of meningitis is about to spread through the camp. Then, on St. Andrew’s Day, a motor car arrives for use by the OC. The car stops suddenly after start.
Royal Newfoundland Regiment
Twenty-two patients invalided to Canada on charge of Captain George Graham Corbet aboard RMS SCANDINAVIAN on 1 December 1914. Heavy admissions on 3 December. On 5 December, the Newfoundland Regiment marched to Amesbury. The hospital believe on way to Fort George. Actually, on their way to Gallipoli, totally unaware of the horrors to befall them. Then, hospital orderly Private Alan Verschoyle 34546 declared a deserter. Verschoyle’s whereabouts unknown for the remainder of the Great War.
The next day, the Black Sheep of the unit, Private Albert Hyde 34481 undergoing detention. Hyde had overstayed his pass. Finally, Lieutenant-General Alderson visits on 13 December 1914. Then, on 16 December 1914, the move to SALISBURY PLAIN complete.
Black Sheep
Private Albert Hyde 34481 would later serve with No. 2 Canadian Field Ambulance. Accidentally wounded in May 1915, GSW head. His eyesight troubling him afterwards. AWOL several times. In September 1917, while still serving with No.1 Canadian General Hospital, sentenced to 90 days F.P. No. 1 for AWOL, 28 July to 21 August 1917. Wounded by bombs from German airplane in left thigh, leg, heel, and buttocks during the German Air Raid on Etaples, 19 May 1918. Examined on Armistice Day, Albert displayed signs of PTSD.
On 21 December 1914, there are 1001 patients in the hospital. The G.O.C., General Haig, visits on Christmas Day, and before the end of the year, a wave of meningitis hits the staff. Then, Sister Jean Elizabeth Sword operated on by Colonel Murray MacLaren – appendicitis. Nursing Sister Jean Elizabeth Sword will resign her commission in July 1918.
Salisbury Plain – Netheravon
No.1 Canadian General Hospital moved 6 miles north, and opened at Netheravon on 1 January 1915. Then, Honorary Captain Georges Leycester Ingles, No.1 Canadian General Hospital, CAMC, and Private James Jospeh Barrett 7020, 1st Battalion, die from meningitis on New Year’s Day. Finally, Canon Frederick George Scott and Major William Beattie conduct services on 3 January 1915 in Bulford Churchyard.
Major Francis Leonard Vaux, RAMC, very ill, Farrier Sergeant John MacKney 42172 dies of brain abscess the next day. Followed by heavy admissions, and Private John Wylie 46206 dies of meningitis. Major Vaux is also the mail censor for the unit, and he experiences several bouts of Laryngitis in his position.
Meningitis
On 6 January 1915, Lt. Col. Frank Strange dies of meningitis. More soldiers die from meningitis, Gunner John Frederick Kennedy C/41001 on 10 January, Private Silas Hartley Chase 22559 on 16 January, Private William Goodyear 24133 the following day. Sergeant Major Godfrey Sandy Wunsch 21105, 11th Battalion, dies on 18 January, and the meningitis cases finally begin to fall a few days later. Finally, Corporal Arthur Sydney Randall 25793, 14th (Royal Montreal Regiment) Battalion, is the final meningitis death of the month on 29 January 1915. Only one more meningitis death will follow in February.
Cerebro-spinal fever
Services attended on Sunday 31 January 1915, and while doing so, Paymaster John Clark McCullough reports his room entered and $1500, some important notes, and I.O.U.s are missing. Later, Lieutenant John Labatt Scatcherd becomes the new Paymaster on 8 May 1915.
A total of 22 deaths reported at the hospital in the previous month, 13 Cerebro-spinal fever. One-hundred-twenty-eight operations performed, and 419 Venereal patients admitted, with 128 discharged. Then, on 10 February 1915, an official photograph taken in front of Cavalry School.
Private Thomas Egbert Trull 9285 dies from meningitis on 15 February 1915. The hospital is winding down operations, with 722 patients on 17 February 1915. Most of the staff transferred to Duchess of Connaught Hospital, Taplow in the next few days. The Nursing Sisters begin to arrive, another seven join the hospital on 23 February.
Chaplain Peter Michael O’Leary
Honorary Major and Chaplain Peter Michael O’Leary appointed the Roman Catholic Chaplain on 25 February. O’Leary a heroic and devoted Roman Catholic chaplain of the Royal Canadian Regiment in the Boer War. Finally, on 26 February 1915, a macabre sale of various effects from deceased patients takes place. At last, on 28 February 1915, all huts empty.
Preparation
The first two weeks of March spent in preparation to travel overseas. By 13 March 1915, everyone restless, raring to go. Then, the Canadian Field Laboratory proceeds to embark on 21 February, followed by No.1 Canadian General Hospital on 13 May 1915.
Altogether while on Salisbury Plain, No.1 Canadian General Hospital received and treated 3,993 patients, of whom 1,249 venereal and 46 cerebro-spinal fever, with a death-roll of 69, one-third of which due to cerebro-spinal fever. Seven deaths from a virulent form of broncho-pneumonia, of which there had been fifteen cases.
Cemetery Visits
On 11 May 1915, two days before leaving the Plain for France. No.1 Canadian General Hospital with 23 remaining sisters, parades to place flowers upon the graves of the dead Canadian soldiers – thirty-one at Bulford, ten in Netheravon churchyard and one in Durrington churchyard. Then, neat wooden crosses, painted white, inscribed with the name and battalion of each soldier. Placed at the head of each grave, and a plan of the graves sent to the Canadian Record Office in London.
Nine days earlier a tablet to the memory of Honorary Captain Georges Leycester Ingles, Chaplain to No.1 Canadian General Hospital erected by his brother officers of that unit, formally unveiled in the beautiful old parish church of Bulford. Captain Ingles, a fine example of an army chaplain, manly, open and devoted to the men under his care, had died of cerebro-spinal fever, contracted in the discharge of his duties while visiting the sick.
Étaples-sur-Mer
No.1 Canadian General Hospital arrived in France 14 May 1915. At 02h30 their transport ship docked at Boulogne-sur-Mer. Two days later, they headed for their new home – Étaples. Much of the staff arrive the following week. Of note, No.2 Canadian General Hospital first to arrive in France, 28 November 1914.
Indian pattern hospital tents
Étaples began as a tent Hospital. Provided with Indian pattern hospital tents, spacious and comfortable in the summer weather. Placing these end to end in series of eleven, five on either side of a central service tent, spacious and roomy wards resulted. The beds arranged half along one side, half along the other, each lateral ward holding thirty-two beds. In comfort and spaciousness these were a great improvement upon the official Canadian Hubert tent with which the unit originally supplied. These only housed six beds, and that uncomfortably, four on one side, reaching almost to the tent poles, and two on the other lengthwise, affording but a narrow passage-way.
Substantial, and well-built as the Hubert tents, soon discovered designed for Canadian conditions, and not European. The side walls of the outer tenting did not reach the ground by many inches. This a convenience in summer as helping to keep the tents cool, but a decided inconvenience in the winter when warmth a first consideration. In Canada snow can be piled up around the tent, and the outer tenting tucked into this. Flanders mud, or French sand, not precisely ideal substitutes during the winter rains.
Hutments
Nevertheless, the Indian Hospital tents had also their disadvantages. The first to make itself evident the difficulty in creating a water-tight junction between the tents in series. Heavy rain storms not infrequent, and the rain naturally poured down the sloping ends of the tents and used the junction as a gutter. No perfect method elaborated to counteract the leakage. Then, too, the cotton ropes with which the tents provided did not take kindly to wet weather, swelling and shortening, dragging out their pegs, and needing constant supervision.
As the months progressed and winter approached the canvas made for the Tropics showed itself not stout enough for the gusty weather of the French coast. It became obvious that, healthy and admirable as are tents for hospital purposes in summer, they are, if not impossible, at least unadapted for winter conditions in northern France. One after another at the British Hospitals the tents replaced by hutments.
First patients
By 27 May 1915, most of the wards are ready. The first 50 patients arrive on the last day of May 1915. The first patient, a B.C. man of the 4th Canadian Infantry Battalion, Private Louis Joseph 17019, age 29, a Hebrew belonging to ‘D’ Company. Captain Robert Wilson, the Radiologist taken suddenly ill.
Emergency Group
Soon, heavy and ghastly casualties necessitate the organization of an emergency group. Then, two officer’s, three nurses, and five NCOs to hold themselves in readiness to proceed by ambulance to the front immediately on receipt of orders, as of 1 June 1915. Captain Arthur Livingstone Johnson, AMC, Captain John Garnet Hunt, Sisters Flora H Wylie, Lucy Gertrude Squire, Jean I. Bell and orderlies Staff Sergeant William John Scott, Private David Pirie 34518, Private Harold G. Rosser 34524, Private Willis Thistle 34542, and Private Richard Davidson 34450.
Games and Sports held at CAESAR’s CAMP on Dominion Day. The egg and spoon race won by Sister Emeline Robinson. Staff-Sergeant George Alexander Bell won the 100-yard dash. On 20 July 1915, an official party parades before Sir Robert Borden after returning from visiting No.2 General Hospital at le Touquet. Finally, Borden addressed the contingent, telling them not one of 500 patients he had visited in their hospital had a complaint.
Julius Ceasar and Napoleon
On 31 July 1915, le Cure, Père Le Sueur of Camiers, an aged priest, and antiquarian of some note, visits the camp. Firstly, Le Cure informs them the hospital stands on an historic ground. Secondly, Julius Ceasar’s Tenth Legion had their camps in this vicinity, and every deep excavation brings up Roman coins. Believed the very site of the hospital the burying ground for Roman Officers, and from the vicinity the Legions embarked to conquer Albion. Furthermore, the site of the laundry camp the ground to which Napoleon retired for mediation. For almost a century, this ground regarded as a scared spot.
The present adjutant writing the No.1 Canadian General Hospital war diary well-versed in past and present military history. On 1 August 1915, he records now one year since Germany declared war upon Russia. Then, the unit drawn up to receive Sir Max Aitken at 16h15 on 5 August 1915. Finally, several visits continue, including their Royal Highnesses Princess Christian of Schleswig and Princess Alice of Hesse.
Royal Visits
The adjutant notes Germany ready to move on Petrograd, 20 August 1915. The White Star Liner ARABIC torpedoed off Fastnet at 09h25. SS BALTIC sunk the next day, and 20,000 prisoners and 700 guns taken at Petrograd. Finally, on 27 August 1915, Brest falls, and the Russians establish a new line.
Sir William Osler visits for the second time on 10 September 1915 with Colonel Birkett and Lieutenant Osler. Then, Lady Osler and Chief Matron Margaret Clotilde MacDonald visited in the afternoon. Only 181 patients reported as the unit plays McGill in a cricket match on 11 September 1915. McGill victorious. The French Minister of War visits on 16 September 1915, exactly one year before the Battle of Flers-Courcelette. During October 1915, 1623 patients admitted, with an equal division of sick and wounded. Over four hundred remain in hospital, 31 October 1915.
Routine sets in, no dignitaries visit until King Manuel of Portugal arrives, and talks with many patients on 24 November 1915. The late Honorary Captain Ingles’ father, the Very Reverend Archdeacon Ingles of Toronto, visits to present a portable oak altar, on 28 November 1915. The fine Durbar tent erected for Church services used for the first time. Finally, work on the New Brunswick Hut completed 30 November 1915.
New Brunswick Hut
At 7.15 p.m., the Company paraded in front of the hut with the Nursing Sisters grouped in the anteroom, to receive General Alderson and Colonel Graham Thompson, C.B. There were also present Colonel Carr, A.D.M.S. Étaples area, Colonel Foster, D.D.M.S. Canadian Corps, Colonel Sir James Clark, Lieutenant-Colonel W. T. Christie, A.A. and Q.M.G., E.A.D., Lieutenant-Colonel A. MacDonnell, Lieutenant-Colonel Roland Playfair Campbell, Major Cooper, R.E., Captain Towse, Captain Stuart Gordon, and other officers.
St. Andrew’s Day
Colonel Murray MacLaren, as a loyal Scot, had chosen St. Andrew’s Day for the ceremony, and the glories of the St. Andrew’s Day dinner which followed, at which all the above visitors were present as guests, with yet others, still remembered and talked about by the beati participantes.
Christmas 1915
The new hut used for a celebration on Christmas Day. A dinner of turkey, and plum pudding provided for 724 patients by the Canadian Red Cross Society.
In 1915, 10,621 patients treated, with only 139 deaths. Total operations under anesthesia, 1,991. Mentioned in Despatches, 31 December 1915, Colonel Murray MacLaren, Lt-Col. Kenneth Cameron, Matron Violet Claire Nesbitt.
Captain Francis Alexander Scrimger Victoria Cross
Captain Francis Alexander Scrimger posted to No.1 Canadian Field Hospital, 30 December 1915. Scrimger joined the CEF with the 14th Battalion, and with the hospital at Netheravon. Then, attached to No. 2 Canadian Field Ambulance on 19 April 1915. Scrimger awarded the Victoria Cross, London Gazette No. 29202, 23 June 1915.
Victoria Cross Citation
On the afternoon of April 25th, 1915, during the 2nd Battle of Ypres, Scrimger set up his Advanced Dressing Station in Shelltrap Farm, an old structure near the front. Crates containing small arms ammunition stored nearby, and the Germans heavily shelling the area.
Realizing the danger of the situation, Scrimger organized the evacuation of the wounded to the rear, but one of his patients, Captain Harold French McDonald, had a serious head wound and could not be moved. The German shells demolished the building and set it on fire. Throughout the shelling, Scrimger protected McDonald with his body and then pulled the larger, unconscious infantry officer out of the building. The German infantry advancing. Scrimger hoisted McDonald on to his back and brought him to safety.
During the very heavy fighting between 22nd and 25th April, Captain Scrimger displayed continuously day and night, the greatest devotion to duty among the wounded at the front. Scrimger finished the war as chief surgeon at No 3. Canadian General Hospital. Possibly the man who convinced John McCrae to publish In Flanders Fields. Scrimger died in 1937.
Colonel MacLaren C.M.G.
On 14 January 1916, Colonel Murray MacLaren receives the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG). for operations in the field. January is the lightest month for the unit so far, 805 cases admitted, only 198 wounded. Then, in February 1916, 1260 patients admitted, and 1168 discharged. Finally, the adjutant notes the percentage of deaths in March 1916 only 0.10 percent (7 total deaths).
On 25-26 April 1916, a Zeppelin raid passes over the hospital, bound for England. Two bombs dropped near the reinforcement camp, another four bombs fall in the trees. Then, Colonel Murray MacLaren transferred to London HQ on 3 May 1916, Lieutenant-Colonel John Alexander Gunn in temporary command. Finally, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Fenwick Wylde, an original member of the unit, takes over on 11 May 1916.
Sir Douglas Haig visits No.1 Canadian General Hospital on 18 May 1916.
Second year in the field
The Canadian Red Cross Hut opens on 25 May 1916. Only two patients admitted, 67 discharged, with 411 remaining. 31 May 1916 marks the one year anniversary of the hospital opening in France, when 51 patients admitted. In twelve months, the hospital has admitted 16,597 patients. Average stay for a patient, 11.3 days.
A Court of Inquiry assembled to enquire into the Reported Excessive Breakage of Electric Bulbs in the Tent Wards, 5 June 1916. General Sir Douglas Haig informs the Corps, Lord Kitchener has died, 16 June 1916. Lord Kitchener had been aboard HMS OAK when it struck a mine left by U-75, 5 June 1916. Then, a Court of Inquiry assembled to enquire into the injuries sustained by S.Sergeant Herbert Parry Evans, CAMC, 19 June 1916. S.Sergeant Evans participated in a boxing bout and broke his finger. Tragically, S.Sergeant Evans a victim of RMS Llandovery Castle along with 13 Canadian Nursing Sisters. Finally, on 30 June 1916, 120 patients admitted, 9 discharged, 376 remaining.
Dominion Day
On Dominion Day 1916, a memorial service attended at the military cemetery. Only 108 Canadian soldiers buried in Etaples Military Cemetery at this time. Flowers and flags laid on the graves by the Nursing Sisters. Then, Honorary Captain (Bishop) Adam Urias de Pencier reports for duty on 2 July 1916, and the first casualties of the Battle of the Somme begin to arrive, with 412 admitted. On 3 July 1916, 582 admitted.
Casualties continue to pour in until 11 July 1916, when only 1 patient admitted. Finally, the first week of July has been the most difficult for the unit up to this point in the war.
On 17 July 1916, RSM Donald Murray Murphy, an original member of the unit, promoted to Quartermaster and Honorary Lieutenant. On 20 July 1916, Nursing Sister Lena Isobel Boyd has seen too much horror, and resigns her commission. The efficiency of the unit revealed on 21 July 1916, when a convoy of 251 patients admitted in a record time of one hour and twenty minutes.
On 27 July 1916, Captain William Jonas McAlister MC returns to the unit after having spent seven months with the 14th Battalion.
Villa Tino Hospital
On 3 August 1916, His Majesty the King pays a surprise visit to the hospital, and visits the Canadian Red Cross Hut. One patient admitted, 87 discharged, 799 remaining. Then, on 4 August 1916, Nursing Sister Emma Elizabeth Murton suffers a nervous breakdown, and invalided to the Convalescent Home in Paris-Plage. Murton returns to Etaples, on 18 June 1916. She will survive Influenza in 1919, and eventually discharged from No. 15 General Hospital, 5 May 1919. Several other Nursing Sisters also sent to Villa Tino Hospital during the month. The New Brunswick Hut erected at a cost of 472 Pounds, contributed by the people of New Brunswick, on 29 August 1916.
Lt-Col. Roland Playfair Campbell
Total patients admitted in August 1916 – 2,768. Total deaths, 40. In September 1916, 4,750 patients admitted, with an average stay of just under 7 days. Then, a special memorial service held for Lt-Col. Roland Playfair Campbell, CAMC, Killed-in-Action, on 1 October 1916. Roland wrote the war diary entries for his unit until the end of July 1916. Mentioned in Despatches on 15 June 1916, and proceeded to Belgium on 15 September 1915, exactly 366 days before his death. Roland died 16 September 1916 during the Battle of Flers-Courcellete.
Nursing Sisters frequently admitted to Villa Tino Hospital in the past two months, with many others granted leave to England. NCO’s and men permitted to apply for leave as of 22 October 1916. The heavy toil cannot be underestimated. The well-being of all personnel being considered. An Australian Concert Party entertains on 23 October 1916. Finally, on 30 October 1916, Honorary Captain (Bishop) Adam Urias de Pencier granted four days leave to visit his son, in hospital, at Le Havre.
Admissions of Nursing Sisters to Villa Tino Hospital continue in November 1916. During the month, 3,058 patients admitted, only 30 deaths, with an average stay of 6.9 days.
Court of Inquiry
Fire breaks out in the Nursing Quarters 3 December 1916, but quickly brought under control. A Court of Inquiry held, as recent fires in two other huts prompted inquiries. Nursing Sisters Beatrice Helena Mack and Celina Leamy invalided to England from Villa Tino Hospital on 17 December 1916. Alas, not all Nursing Sisters sent to Villa Tino Hospital return to their unit. Every effort made to please the patients for Christmas. Preparations began two days earlier. The flow of Nursing Sisters back and forth to Villa Tino continuers throughout December. A total of 2,195 patients admitted during the month.
New Year’s Eve 1917
During New Year’s Eve 1917, a convoy of 343 patients arrive. There are now 1,213 patients in the hospital. Nursing Sister Katherine Maud Mary MacDonald returns from Villa Tino on 4 January 1917. NS MacDonald a victim of the air raid of 19 May 1918. Then, on 9 January 1917, Matron Violet Claire Nesbitt awarded the Royal Red Cross. Many leaves granted in January, with most taking advantage to travel back to England. It has been bitterly cold for two weeks. In January, 2,572 patients admitted, with only 11 deaths. However, average stay increased to 11.27 days.
1 February 1917 is also bitterly old. A fire breaks out in the Alwyn Hut, occupied by an Officer. In only a few minutes, the hut and contents totally destroyed. So cold, parts of the X-Ray apparatus break. The cold-snap finally breaks on 9 February 1917. Miss Edith Campbell, RRC, CAMC, takes over duties as Matron on 10 February 1917. Then, the French Minister of War visits on 24 February 1917, and given a thorough tour of the facilities. In February, 1,493 admitted, with 11 deaths. However, average stay has again increased to 17.35 days.
Sir Robert Borden visits
On 10 March 1917, Sir Robert Borden visits the hospital, with Hon. R. Rogers, Minister of Public Works, Hon. J.D. Hazen, Minister of Marine. Honorary Captain (Bishop) Adam Urias de Pencier leaves the unit, and proceeds to Canada on duty, 15 March 1917.
In anticipation of increasing Spring casualties, much work done to prepare the hospital, which affords leaves for the staff. In March, 2,933 patients admitted, 8 deaths, with an average stay of 10.38 days.
Battle of Vimy Ridge
Beginning in April 1917, new wards equipped and ready to handle casualties from the Battle of Vimy Ridge. A record number of patients reported before the battle – 1,840 patients, despite the fact the hospital expected to maintain no more than 1,040 beds. Efforts doubled to provide 2,230 beds. Something is going to happen permeates the hospital. A new record set on 6 April 1917 – 1,885 patients in the hospital.
On 10 April 1917, the first Vimy casualties arrive. First, only the lighter cases arrive, 404 of them. The following day, convoys arrive every few hours. The spirits of the patients is high, they too know something has happened. A total of 463 patients admitted. The following day, another 515 patients. There are now 1,649 patients in the hospital. Then, on 14 April 1917, a total of 2,034 patients in the hospital, almost filled to capacity. Finally, a new record set on 16 April 1917, with 2,187 beds filled. Only 43 empty beds remain.
High-water Mark
The high-water mark for the hospital comes on 19 April 1917. At 12h30, 2,205 patients registered, only 25 below capacity. In the next few hours, 539 patients invalided to England, leaving 1,773 by the end of the day. On 30 April 1917, flames seen arising from two Indian tents, used for the Corporal’s mess. Due to the recent dry weather, everything destroyed.
On 1 May 1917, recognized for the hospital’s efficiency, Lt.-Col. Charles Fenwick Wylde promoted Colonel. Then, on 11 May 1917, several officers report for duty, bringing the unit to full strength. Only 1,005 patients are in the hospital on 21 May 1917, affording time for a practice fire-drill on 22 May 1917. At last, the weather has been beautiful, comments regarding poppies in the cemeteries and fields are frequent. In May, 2,209 sick patients admitted, 2,077 wounded, with 89 deaths. The last two weeks being very quiet for the hospital. Finally, not much thought given to the the passing of their second year in the field.
June 1917 brings more glorious weather. General G.L. Foster, C.B., D.M.S., Canadians, visits on 4 June 1917. On 13 June 1917, Nursing Sister Mabelle Clara Mabel Jamieson awarded the Royal Red Cross Decoration. On 15 June 1917, the New Brunswick Hut formerly handed over to the Camp Commandant. In June, 2,125 sick patients admitted, 2,130 wounded, and 31 died.
Jubilee of Canadian Confederation
The jubilee of Canadian Confederation celebrated on 1 July 1917. Shortly after dawn, the Fall In sounded, and the unit marched to Etaples Military Cemetery. No.1 and No.7 General Hospital Nursing Sisters decorated the graves. Sports will held the following day at Canada park. No. 1 and No. 7 General Hospitals played a game of baseball, and rugby.
Queen Mary of Teck
Queen Mary of Teck visited on 5 July 1917, followed by Sir Arthur Currie. Then, the new Canadian Corps Commander lunched with the staff officers. Finally, July a fairly quiet month, with 1,356 sick, 872 wounded, and only 8 deaths.
The Red Cross Hut Ward opens providing up to 52 patients an opportunity to benefit from the Sun when weather permits.
The hut below in Hesdin appears to be of the type like the Red Cross Hut Ward. Queen Mary of Teck visited here 7 July 1917.
Honorary Captain (Bishop) Adam Urias de Pencier returns from Canada on 7 August 1917. Then, a torrential storm hits the camp on 28 August 1917, and 450 beds rendered temporarily useless. Finally, Sir George Perley, Minister of Overseas Military Forces of Canada, visits on 31 August 1917. In August, 1,453 sick patients admitted, 3,282 wounded, and 44 died. In addition, 825 operations performed.
Battle of Passchendaele
October 1917 begins with 1,879 patients in the hospital. Another rush of 474 patients arrive 5 October 1917. The X-Ray machine sets a new record with 198 plates taken. While assisting an operation on 10 November 1917, Nursing Sister Anna Marjory Stedham struck in the eye by a piece of splintered bone. Cut, and infected, transported to Villa Tino Hospital.
Another heavy wind and rain storm passes over the camp 24 October 1917, rendering many tents uninhabitable. Nursing Sister Victoria Maud Donevan awarded the Royal Red Cross on 30 October 1917. In October, 1,432 sick patients admitted, 2,331 wounded, and 47 deaths. Further, 824 operations performed and 1,260 X-Rays taken.
On 4 September 1917, currently 990 patients in the hospital. On 16 September 1917, Colonel Charles Fenwick Wylde proceeds to England for duty. Colonel Robert Mills Simpson takes command. The first 334 casualties from the Second Battle of Passchendaele arrive on the morning of 21 September 1917. On several occasions alarms given of hostile aircraft in the vicinity. Six Other Ranks and two Officers invalided to England, the most in any month so far. In August, 1,444 sick patients admitted, 2,173 wounded, and 25 died. In addition, 530 operations performed.
Matron-in-Chief Visit
In November 1917, word received all ranks to receive 14, instead of 10 days leave in the winter months. NS Emeline Robinson SoS to No 12 Canadian General Hospital, Bramshott on 5 November 1917.
On 22 November, Chief Matron Margaret Clotilde MacDonald pays a brief visit. In a quiet November, 1,365 sick patients admitted, 975 wounded, and 26 deaths. In addition, 241 operations performed and 450 X-Rays taken.
First Casualty of No.1 Canadian General Hospital
The first seventeen days of December 1917 allow all members of the CEF to participate in the Canadian Elections. The one question to be decided as far as the soldiers are concerned, is that of conscription. The first of twenty Huts promised, opened on 7 December 1917. Comfortable, service room and kitchen, with a maximum of 52 patients.
Lieutenant-Colonel Murray MacLaren pays his first visit since relinquishing command on 8 December 1917. A beautiful Wintery scene on the morning of 17 December, ruined the next morning when the beloved Sergeant Christopher Strang McGregor 34413 passes away from bronchial pneumonia. This is the first death within the unit of a member of the personnel while in France. A gloom cast over the entire snowy camp.
The first party of Canadian women journalists arrive on 19 December 1917. Miss M.M.P. McAdam, Miss Moore Mcleod, Miss McFayden and Miss Montezambert had lunch in the Sisters Mess and returned to Boulogne in the evening. The wards heavily decorated for their third Christmas in France, 263 patients admitted, 48 discharged, and 1,304 remaining.
Matron Violet Claire Nesbitt returns to duty from No. 3 C.C.S. on 28 December, the same day NS Emeline Robinson admitted at No 12 CGH at Bramshott with Influenza. The hospital admits 1,580 sick patients, 739 wounded during the month. Finally, a total of 32 deaths with 1,746 patients invalided to England.
Nissen huts
The new huts continue to replace the remainder of tents in early January 1918. On 4 January 1918, Nursing Sisters Margaret M Galbraith and Mabel Emma Bruce awarded Royal Red Cross. Mentioned in Despatches, Matron Edith Campbell, RRC, Nursing Sisters Lenora Herrington, Florence Adelia Leamy and Lt.-Col. John Alexander Gunn. On the same day, NS Emeline Robinson discharged from No 12 Canadian General Hospital. On 10 January 1918, No.1 Canadian General Hospital chosen to specialize in compound femur fracture cases. Instructions also received to prepare a ward for Officer cases.
On 18 January 1918, Sir Edward Kemp pays a visit. On 31 January, Colonel Robert Mills Simpson relinquishes command, to take over as A.D.M.S. of the 2nd Division. The last ten days on January were warm and bright, 1,411 sick patients, and only 143 wounded admitted during the month. Enemy planes have visited the district on several occasions, but Germany has not yet developed their plan for the Final Spring Offensive. Of course, neither side would deliberately target a field hospital…up to this point in the Great War.
As part of Germany’s last ditch effort to win the war, deliberate bombings of field hospitals, and sinking of hospital ships (without allowing passengers to disembark a priori), will be committed in the hope of swaying public opinion in Britain to allow Germany to sue for peace.
Final German Spring Offensive
Lt.-Col. John Alexander Gunn assumes command on 1 February 1918. Nursing Sister Mabel Emma Bruce RRC invalided to Villa Tino Hospital on same date. Hut No. 7 opens on 9 February, along with the new Red Cross Stores. Part of the Recreation Room converted to a Reading Room in it’s former place. British Matron-in-Chief Miss McCarthy and Matron Miss Ethel Blanche Ridley representing Canadians in France visit on 19 February. Another slow month, 593 sick admitted, 178 wounded, and only 1 death in the hospital.
There are only 692 patients in the hospital on 1 March 1918. New techniques in gas-prevention require the Officers to attend Gas School at some time before the end of the month. The second half depart on 8 March. Two days later, news received regarding the upcoming German Offensive. Expect an influx of patents. However, the CAMC does not realize those casualties will be their own, and not Infantrymen of the CEF. Casualties will be heavy in the BEF, but why so few Canadian casualties?
Canadians Were Savages
The most respected soldiers on a battlefield often referred to as the most savage. At this point in the Great War, Germany respects, and fears the Canadian soldier more than any other. Our Indigenous soldiers, in particular, reinforcing the common notion among other Commonwealth nations, that Canadians were strong frontiersmen. Germans were quite aware of this reputation, first established at the Second Battle of Ypres in April 1915. Perhaps we did not fight fair, but one German POW did say with respect, “You men fight like hell” during the Battle of Kitchener’s Wood.
This early reputation may have been responsible for the tale of the Crucified Canadian. The facts and the rumors certainly diverge, for Canadians also establish a not-deserved reputation for taking no prisoners. This reputation, deserved or not, is the reason Germany does not attack where they know the Canadian Corps is. However, they do know where the Canadian Field Hospitals are. German pilots given clear instructions to bomb these facilities and to feign ignorance if they should be shot down. One captured, and injured pilot, surely dumbfounded he was not lynched by the very hospital staff he intended to kill.
Mustard Gas
On 14 March 1918 the last of the Hut Wards, No.9 opened above the hill. The use of Mustard Gas by the enemy confirmed on 17 March. Though few die from the effects of this new gas, admissions increase substantially. Once again, Honorary Captain (Bishop) Adam Urias de Pencier proceeds to Canada on the following day. On 21 March, the Germans open their offensive on a beautiful spring day. The first cases arrive the following day, but where are the Canadians? During March, 1,465 sick, 2,620 wounded, and 53 patients died.
On 14 April 1918, at 10h00, a record 2,218 patients are in the hospital, surpassing the previous mark of 2,205 in April 1917. On 16 April 1918, H.R.H. Duke of Connaught and Staff pay a visit. During April, 1,810 sick cases, 3,363 wounded, and a record 119 deaths at the hospital. The greater percentage of cases being non-Canadian.
The hospital begins May with 2,106 patients in the hospital. The appearance of the hospital is positive with the addition of the last huts. The third anniversary in France noticed on 14 May 1918. Tragedy is about to befall the camp.
German Air Raid
A bombing raid on May 19, 1918 killed three Canadian nursing sisters serving at No.1 Canadian General Hospital – Margaret Lowe, Katherine Maud Mary MacDonald and Nursing Sister Gladys Maude Mary Wake – the first Canadian nurses killed in action. Later, two other female victims of bombing raids, YMCA motor driver Betty (Bertha Gavin) Stevenson on 31 May and Nursing Sister Annie Watson Bain at the St John Ambulance Brigade Hospital on 1 June.
War Diary
At the close of what had been a peaceful Sunday enemy aircraft came over the camp in large numbers, viz: – at 10.00 pm. The hospital wrapt in slumber when the planes were immediately overhead. The raid obviously planned to take place in relays, and during the first stage the part that suffered most the sleeping quarters of the personnel, particularly that of the NCOs and men, A number of bombs, incendiary and high explosive, dropped in the midst of the men’s quarters. Fires immediately started which offered a splendid target for the second part of the attack. The scene immediately converted into a conflagration and charnel house of dead and wounded men.
Bombs also dropped in the Officers’ and Sisters’ quarters, building being wrecked. The S.E. part of the Sisters’ quadrangle completely wrecked by a bomb. The inmates killed and wounded. While the work of rescuing the wounded going on, the enemy continued to drop bombs. Two of the hospital wards received direct hits and patients killed and wounded. Their portion of the Staff and personnel that had escaped injury immediately attended upon their wards within a very short time, and while the raid in progress the operating-room Staff were working on the cases injured. The devotion to duty, with absolute disregard to personal safety, exhibited by all ranks, is very highly commendable.
Casualties
The total number of casualties in this hospital were as follows: Captain David Edwin Howes, CAMC, killed; Nursing Sister Katherine Maud Mary MacDonald, CAMC, killed; Other Ranks killed 51. Captain Charles Augustus Davies wounded, Nursing Sister Gladys Maude Mary Wake, Georgina Dean Long, Margaret Lowe, Ion Katherine Garnes-Wishart, Edith Alberta Gallagher, Mary Ceclia Hirsch, Barbara MacKinnon wounded. Other Ranks wounded 45. Patients killed 8. Patients wounded 31. Total patients admitted 82, discharged 45, remaining 1156.
Olive Edis
The above photo by Olive Edis in late Winter 1919, captures the graves of all three Canadian Nursing Sisters killed in the first German air raid, 19 May 1918. The elaborate cross is that of RAF pilot Lieutenant Walter Digby Buddicom MC.
Funerals
A largely attended funeral took place at Etaples, including Nursing Sister Katherine Maud Mary MacDonald on 22 May 1918. The No.1 Canadian General Hospital Chaplains, Captain Puglsey, Church of England, and Major S J M Compton, Presbyterian Chaplain presiding. Captain G More takes over the duties of Company Officer Captain Charles Augustus Davies (wounded).
Nursing Sister Katherine Maud Mary MacDonald
Nursing Sister Katherine Maud Mary MacDonald born in Brantford, Ontario, on 18 January 1893. Macdonald appointed a Nursing Sister with the CAMC on 9 November 1916. She initially served in the military hospital in Military District No. 1, London, Ontario. Later, Macdonald embarked for England with the CAMC draft on 6 April 1917. Arriving on 16 April 1917, she first posted to No. 10 Canadian Stationary Hospital in Seaford. Then, on 17 October 1917, transferred to No. 14 Stationary Hospital in Eastbourne. Finally, Macdonald reposted to No.10 Stationary Hospital on 19 November 1917.
Continuing her jumps to and from hospitals, attached to No. 14 Stationary Hospital when No. 10 Stationary Hospital proceeded to France on 4 December 1917. Macdonald then joined the No.10 Canadian Stationary Hospital in France on 28 January 1918.
53 Nursing Sisters died in Great War
On 8 March 1918, transferred to No.1 Canadian General Hospital, in Étaples. That was to be her last move. Macdonald killed when bombs hit No.1 Canadian General Hospital during a German air raid on Allied positions at Étaples on the night of 19 May 1918. Her mother kept all the letters, certificates, and photographs that she received after her daughter died to honour her memory. Nursing Sister Katherine Maud Mary MacDonald one of the 53 Canadian nursing sisters killed by enemy fire, died from disease, or drowned during the war.
MacDonald’s fiancé, Captain James Ballantyne MC in attendance at the funeral.
Nursing Sister Gladys Maude Mary Wake
Nursing Sister Gladys Maude Mary Wake buried at 7.00 p.m. on 22 May 1918. Gladys mortally-wounded on the night of 19 May 1918 in a German air raid at No.1 Canadian General Hospital, Étaples. “Don’t bother with me; I’ll be alright. You people will be exhausted,” she told her co-workers. Gladys died two days later from severe burns, a fractured femur, and wounds to both legs.
Daughter of Gervas Fountayne and Amy Rosamond Wake, of Compton Hill, Malvern, Worcestershire, England. Nursing Sister Gladys Maude Mary Wake a graduate of Royal Jubilee Hospital School of Nursing, Victoria, British Columbia, Class of 1912.
Note British photographer Second Lieutenant Thomas Kieth Aitken also in attendance. His partner, Lt. John Warwick Brooke captured film footage of the ceremony.
Following another largely attended funeral, German aircraft return before midnight and drop a few more bombs, though none near the camp.
Twenty-eight Other Ranks arrive on 23 May to replace the hospital’s own casualties.
Nursing Sister Margaret Lowe
On 29 May 1918, Nursing Sister Margaret Lowe buried with full military honors. Daughter of Mary Maud and the late Angus Macdonald, of Brantford, Ontario.
Nursing Sister Margaret Lowe‘s mortal injuries proof German planes came close enough to the camp to strafe the personnel with machine-gun fire. Lowe diagnosed with a compound fracture of the skull, and a penetrating gunshot wound to her right chest. Then, transferred to No. 24 British General Hospital, she died on 28 May 1918.
More Air Raids
On 30 May 1918, enemy aircraft in strong force heard overhead at 10.00 p.m. The raid last two hours. Heavy damage and loss of life in Etaples, but the hospital spared. The aircraft return the following night at the same time, and much damage done to Government property. Wards A and B disabled. Finally, the sand bags which had been done round these wards, save the lives of several patients.
The patients’ diet-kitchen and bath-house totally wrecked. The Administration block hit, and the laboratory rendered temporarily useless. Only one patient dangerously wounded, no other casualties reported. The measures taken since the first attack, an unqualified success. In May 1918, 620 sick, 881 wounded, and 76 deaths in the hospital.
Mentioned in Despatches of 7 April 1918 are Lt-Col. John Alexander Gunn, and Nursing Sister Caroline Agnes Donnelly.
Winding down operations
On 1 June 1918, thiry-seven Nursing Sisters proceed to No. 2 Canadian General Hospital for temporary duty. No patients received since 20 May, the day after the first German air raid. Plans already undertaken to move the hospital from harm’s way. All Officer patients transferred to Westminster Hospital, Le Touquet. Other cases transferred to less susceptible hospitals.
Total patients are falling fast, 684 on 1 June, 331 on the 2nd, and only 159 on 3 June 1918. On 4 June 1918, the hospital officially closed, with zero patients remaining. Then, on 5 June 1918, Sir Arthur Currie visits and expresses his deepest sympathy for their recent heavy losses. The next morning, German planes heard overhead at 6.30 a.m. They have no intention of bombing again. The mission is one of reconnaissance to photograph the damage.
Other Ranks remaining afforded the opportunity to sleep outside the camp, accompanied by an Officer of the party. The Nursing Sisters sleeping in the woods near Berck Plage for the past several nights. Finally, on the morning of 7 June 1918, enemy planes pass over the camp four times, bound for targets elsewhere.
Bomb shelters
Nursing Sisters Edna Mabel Auger, Charlotte L Younghusband awarded the Royal Red Cross (2nd Class) on 8 June 1918. Matron Edith Campbell awarded the 1914 Star. On 11 June, another sixteen NS transferred to No. 2 Canadian General Hospital for temporary duty. The hospital is now ready to move on a moments notice. On 12 June 1918, an American Ambulance train seen for the first time. Thanks to the most inept commander of the Great War, these ambulances will soon be full of American casualties, courtesy General Pershing. Finally, but too late, a bomb-proof shelter for the Nursing Sisters erected opposite their former huts.
Several NS return to their unit over the next two weeks, and enemy reconnaissance planes seen overhead on the day of 29 June 1918. The planes return later that night, but the closest bombs fall 1/2 a mile from the hospital. A two-and-a-half hour raid follows, starting at 11.00 p.m. on 31 June, but no bombs dropped on the hospital. No report given for the month of June, but the adjutant notes 93,351 Other Ranks passed through the hospital in the last three years.
Dominion Day
As the NS are all away, and the unit is awaiting orders to proceed to Trouville, the hospital does not participate in any Dominion Day festivities. On 3 July 1918, a Special Parade of all ranks to the Etaples Military Cemetery at 7.30 p.m. to say farewell to those members of the unit that rest there. Then, on 5 June 1918, Sir Robert Borden visits the camps, but stays for only a few minutes. Then, on 8 July 1918, the adjutant notes the pause for the first time in three years, Staff and personnel are experiencing a life of ease. On a stormy 20 July 1918, seven large transports make for Trouville. The staff proceed by train, passing through Abbeville, Le Treport, and Lisieux. Finally, after a journey of 20 hours, Trouville reached at 11.10 a.m. on 21 July 1918.
Trouville, 21 July 1918 – 4 February 1919
The camp is beautifully located on the top of a high tableland between six and seven hundred feet above sea level. On 25 July 1918, John Alexander Gunn promoted to Temporary Colonel, with effect from 2 February 1918. Three days later, he returns from England and assumes command. An air raid alarm sounded on 31 July 1918, but no planes follow.
On 11 August 1918, the unit participates in a Sports Meet held by No. 1 Convalescent Depot at Deauville race course. The hospital nearing completion. The month of August has been very quiet. Finally, the next month should witness removal into the main buildings.
Military Medal
On 2 September 1918, His Majesty the King awarded the Military Medal for actions of 19 May 1918. Matron Edith Campbell, RRC, Nursing Sisters, Lenora Herrington, Lottie Urquhart, Janet Mary Williamson, CAMC. Work continues on the hospital with the Nursing Sisters quarters completed on 24 September 1918. With the exception of interior finishing, the wards are ready. Then, the first convoy of 446 patients arrive 3 October 1918. In the next few days, the first wounded American troops arrive at the camp. Finally, a total of 212 American troops pass through the hospital in October.
The Nursing Sisters move into their permanent quarters on 28 October 1918. Finally, with operations returning to normal, the hospital admits 1,296 patients, 38 operations, and not a single death in October. Current staff, 42 Medical Officers, 232 Other Ranks, 27 Nursing Sisters, and one Matron.
Armistice
The Red Cross Recreation hut opens with a Concert Party for patients given by the Lena Ashwell Concert Party, 1 November 1918. A procession for All Saints Day cancelled due to the Influenza epidemic. Few Canadians admitted. About 10% of casualties admitted are American, the remainder British. Then, the news of the Armistice reaches the hospital at noon. On 12 November, Colonel John Alexander Gunn relinquishes command. Lt.-Col. William Henry Delaney takes command. Finally, a Regimental Dinner on 14 November for the cessation of hostilities.
Representatives attend a French civil ceremony at the local cemetery on 17 November. On 21 November 1918, 1,108 British and 53 American patients remain in the hospital. On the last day of the month, 965 British and 42 American troops remain.
In accordance with the custom of previous years, members of the Staff and Personnel heralded Christmas Day by visiting the wards, and carol singing. Each patient received a gift. Due to the very wet weather, little work completed on the grounds in December. Finally, only 49 Canadians admitted, with 40 remaining. Finally, a total of 414 patients remain in the hospital.
Demobilization
On New Year’s Day, 14 patients discharged, 790 remaining, of those, 6 are American. Lt.-Col. William Henry Delaney, Officer Commanding, promoted to be Temporary Colonel, with effect 16 November 1918. Mentioned in Despatches, 12 January 1919, Nursing Sisters Ethel Mildred Cryderman, Winifred Grace Macleod, Elsie Sara Nicholson. Then, on 15 January, order received to move all patients to Canadian Depot. Lt.-Col. William Arthur Gardner relinquishes command, Lt.-Col. Norman Bleechey Gwyn assumes Acting Command.
With many leaves afforded the staff, some visit the grave of Edith Cavell (1865-1915) a British nurse, working in German-occupied Belgium during the Great War. She helped hundreds of British, French and Belgian soldiers escape the Germans, and arrested, tried and executed in 1915.
The last two American casualties discharged 22 January. The order to move the patients comes through on 28 January, the last 163 patients discharged on 29 January. Only 5 patients admitted in January 1919, a total of 769 discharged. All equipment being turned in to stores, and inventories taken in order to hand over the hospital on 3 February 1919.
Matron Edith Campbell, RRC, MM, returns from temporary duty at Boulogne on 2 February 1919. Then, Lt.-Col. Norman Bleechey Gwyn assumes command on 4 February, Colonel William Henry Delaney returning from leave.
Hotel du Nord, Boulogne
On 5 February, the following NS are Struck-off-Strength on proceeding to Hotel du Nord, Boulogne for disposition. Nursing Sisters Emily Helen Crossley, Clara Detweiler, Kathleen Frances Durkin, Sarah Elizabeth Genderes, Katherine McMillan Martin, Mary E Miller, Elsie Sara Nicholson, Helen Mary Wilberforce Nesbitt, Julie Marjorie Ross, Katherine Reid (ARRC), Evelyn Mary Stuart, Mabel Margaret Watson, Frances Lelitia Walker, Ethel Louise Beer, A E Bell (VAD), S Thomas (VAD).
On 6 February, the following Nursing Sisters are S.o.S. on proceeding to Hotel du Nord, Boulogne for disposition. Matron Edith Campbell, RRC, MM, Nursing Sisters Catherine Isabel Scoble, RRC, Mildred Sophia Bates, Mary Henriette Craig, Isabella Mcrae Cameron, Helen Janet Woolson, Mary Louise Ritchie, Miriam Georgina Gould, Grace Ethel Apter, Winifred Grace Macleod, Anna Duff D Beck, Nellie G Donohue, Winnifred Ethel Hardy, Beatrice Edith Williams, Janet Mary Williamson MM.
Canadian Embarkation Camp
On 12 February 1919, all personnel of No.1 Canadian General Hospital, with the exception of the OC, 1 Quartermaster, and 25 men, will proceed to Canadian Embarkation Camp, Le Havre on 13 February. Then, the remaining party are given orders to move to the Embarkation Camp on 26 February 1919. Finally, the Rear Party, arrive in Le Havre on 28 February 1919.
Nursing Sister Jessie Nelson King
On 5 March 1919, Nursing Sister Jessie Nelson King admitted to No 14 Stationary Hospital in Boulogne dangerously ill. Found to be suffering from cerebro spinal meningitis, her condition desperate by 23 March 1919. Finally, Jessie dies on 4 April 1919 and later buried at Terlincthun British Cemetery.
Since the hospital opened, over 100,000 patients passed through. On 16 March, All Ranks confined to Camp all day for final instructions as to time of sailing.
Return to England
Two weeks were spent at Le Havre before embarking aboard LORINA on 16 March 1919. Weymouth harbour reached at 7 a.m. on 17 March 1919. At Weymouth, refreshments served by the Expeditionary Force Canteen. At noon, the unit entrained for London, arriving at Paddington Square at 4.30 pm. Finally, crossing the city by means of the Tube Railway, reaching Charing Cross Station, and left for Shorncliffe, arriving at 11:15 pm.
An orderly room is prepared the next day in preparation for the work of documentation. On 20 March, the entire unit is afforded eight days leave of absence. Then, everyone returns on 28 March, and on 31 March, the Other Ranks Medically Boarded. A beautiful day ushering in the month of April. The British valleys were bathed in the warmth and brightness of the Sun which shone from a clear, blue sky. Finally, work continuing in the orderly room of the Mapier Barracks, preparing documentation for the move to Canada.
Return to Canada
Documentation completed, 9 April 1919, approved the following day by the Documentation Officer, and taken to London. This very documentation forming the basis to research No.1 Canadian General Hospital in the Great War.
The 1940 fire at Arnside Street
Fortunately, this record, and those of other units in the Canadian Corps, forwarded to Canada shortly before the Second World War. Unfortunately, more than half of the BEF service records destroyed in September 1940, when a German bombing raid struck the War Office repository in Arnside Street, London.
The majority of British Great War soldier’s army service records went up in smoke when the War Office warehouse (the Army Records Centre) hit by a German incendiary bomb in an air raid in 1940. For researchers of the Great War, catastrophic.
Liverpool
On 11 April 1919, 3 Officers and 176 Other Ranks proceed to Liverpool. Embarking on SS ADRIATIC at 18h30. Weather stormy and cold.
No.1 Canadian General Hospital demobilized in Montreal in April 1919. Disbanded by General Order 211 of 15 November 1920.
Epilogue
Sir Arthur William Mickle Ellis
On demobilization Ellis settled in London. In 1922 Ellis married Winifred, daughter of Sir William Foot Mitchell, and they had one son. In 1924 he became professor of medicine in London University, and Director of the Medical Unit at the London Hospital. He had taken the MRCP in 1920 and elected a Fellow in 1929, delivering the Croonian Lecture on The natural history of Bright’s disease in 1941.
During WWII Ellis became an adviser in medicine to the Ministry of Health from 1941-42, and director of research in industrial medicine for the Medical Research Council from 1942-43. Regius professor of medicine in Oxford, in 1943, a post which he filled with great distinction until his retirement in 1948 at the age of 65, when appointed emeritus professor. Knighted in 1953. His wife died in 1965 after many years of illness. Ellis died in London in 1966.
Great War Awards
- Mentioned in Despatches, London Gazette No 30107, 1 June 1917.
- Mentioned in Despatches, London Gazette No 30706, 28 May 1918.
- Awarded the Order of the British Empire, London Gazette No 31370, 3 June 1919.
- Mentioned in Despatches, London Gazette No 31448, 11 July 1919.
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Matron Bertha Jane Willoughby No.1 Canadian General Hospital in the Great War
Stretcher Bearer Private Harold McLennan Paton, No.1 Canadian Field Ambulance, in the Great War
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Nursing Sister Mary Lillian Cameron No.4 Canadian General Hospital in the Great War
Lieutenant-Colonel Roland Playfair Campbell No. 6 Canadian Field Ambulance in the Great War
Stretcher Bearer Lance Corporal Alexander Fairweather Bunch No. 13 Canadian Field Ambulance in the Great War
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